时光幻象 Time-Illusion

第2和第3部分是新巴比伦帝国的帝王世系表

第2部分以新巴比伦帝国的开国君主那波帕拉萨尔为中心，详细介绍了新巴比伦帝国建立，灭亡新亚述帝国的过程

2.Neo-Babylonian dynasty

Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian)

Nabu-apla-usur 626 – 605 BC

Nabu-kudurri-usur II 605 – 562 BC

Amel-Marduk 562 – 560 BC

Neriglissar 560 – 556 BC

Labaši-Marduk 556 BC

Nabonidus 556 – 539 BC

2.新巴比伦王朝

巴比伦第十一王朝【新巴比伦】

（这个王表我就不单独翻译了，意义不大）

 

2-1.Nabopolassar 626 BC – 605 BC

2-1.那波帕拉萨尔 前626-前605年

After the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, the Assyrian Empire began to disintegrate, riven by internal strife. Ashur-etil-ilani co-ruled with Ashurbanipal from 630 BC, while an Assyrian governor named Kandalanu sat on the throne of Babylon on behalf of his king. 

公元前627年亚述巴尼拔【见注1】死后，亚述帝国开始瓦解，因内部冲突而分裂。亚述-埃提尔-伊兰尼【见注2】与亚述巴尼拔从公元前630年开始共同统治，一个名叫坎达拉努的亚述裔总督正代表他的王统治着巴比伦【见注3】。

 

【注1】亚述巴尼拔：亚述帝国最后一个伟大的君主，前668-前627在位，他在位于首都尼尼微的王宫建立了西亚第一座系统性的图书馆——亚述巴尼拔图书馆。

【注2】亚述-埃提尔-伊兰尼：亚述巴尼拔之子，在前630-前627年作为其父的摄政王。

【注3】坎达拉努现在一般被当作巴比伦第十王朝的最后一任国王，前648-前627年在位。巴比伦第十王朝（前732-前627年）是亚述帝国治下为了稳定巴比伦地区而设立的傀儡政权。

 

Babylonia seemed secure until both Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu died in 627 BC, and Assyria spiralled into a series of internal civil wars which would ultimately lead to its destruction. An Assyrian general, Sin-shumu-lishir, revolted in 626 BC and declared himself king of Assyria and Babylon, but was promptly ousted by the Assyrian Army loyal to king Ashur-etil-ilani in 625 BC. 

巴比伦尼亚似乎很安全，直到亚述巴尼拔和坎达拉努在公元前627年去世，而随即亚述陷入到一系列的内部战争中，这最终导致了它的覆灭。一位亚述将军，辛-舒姆-利希尔，在公元前626年起义，自立为亚述和巴比伦的国王，但很快被忠于国王亚述-埃提尔-伊兰尼的亚述军队在公元前625年罢黜。

Babylon was then taken by another son of Ashurbanipal Sin-shar-ishkun, who proclaimed himself king. His rule did not last long however, and the native Babylonians revolted with the help of the migrant Chaldean tribe (Bit Kaldu)【*】, led by the previously unknown Nabopolassar, who had made himself king of Chaldea in the far south east of Mesopotamia. 

巴比伦随后被亚述巴尼拔的另一个儿子辛-沙-里昆占领，他宣布自己为国王。他的统治持续时间并不长，本地巴比伦起义的起义得到了迦勒底部落移民的帮助，由先前无名的那波帕拉萨尔领导，他自立为远东南美索不达米亚地区的迦勒底国王。

 

*处意义不明，暂时存疑

 

Nabopolassar seized the throne amid the confusion, and the Neo-Babylonian dynasty was born. Babylonia as a whole then became a battle ground between king Ashur-etil-ilani and his brother Sin-shar-ishkun who fought to and fro over the region. This anarchic situation allowed Nabopolassar to stay on the throne of the city of Babylon itself, spending the next three years undisturbed, consolidating his position in the city.

那波帕拉萨尔在混乱中继承了王位，新巴比伦王朝就此诞生。统一后的巴比伦地区成为了亚述-埃提尔-伊兰尼王和他的兄弟辛-沙-里昆进行拉锯战的战场。这种无政府状态使得那波帕拉萨尔得以继续统治巴比伦，度过了平安无事的三年，进一步巩固了他在城市的地位。

However, in 623 BC, Sin-shar-ishkun killed his brother the king in battle at Nippur in Babylonia, seized the throne of Assyria, and then set about retaking Babylon from Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar was forced to endure Assyrian armies encamped in Babylonia over the next seven years. However, he resisted, aided by the continuing civil war in Assyria itself, which greatly hampered Sin-shar-ishkun's attempts to retake the parts of Babylonia held by Nabopolassar.

但是，在公元前623年，辛-沙-里昆在巴比伦地区发生的尼普尔之战杀害了他的国王兄弟，夺取了亚述的王位，并打算从那波帕拉萨尔手中夺回巴比伦。那波帕拉萨尔被迫忍受亚述军队在接下来的七年驻扎在巴比伦地区。然而，他成功了；亚述国内持续不断的内战极大阻碍了辛-沙-里昆夺回由那波帕拉萨尔控制的巴比伦部分地区的企图。

Nabopolassar took Nippur in 619 BC, a key centre of pro-Assyrianism in Babylonia, and by 616 BC, he was still in control of much of southern Mesopotamia. Assyria, still riven with internal strife, had by this time lost control of its colonies, who had taken advantage of the various upheavals to free themselves. The empire had stretched from Cyprus to Persia and The Caucasus to Egypt at its height.

公元前619年，那波帕拉萨尔控占领了尼普尔，巴比伦境内先前亚述建立的一座关键城市，直到前616年，他仍然控制着大部分南美索不达米亚地区。此时亚述依旧深陷内乱之中，此时它已经失去了对殖民地的控制，它们利用各种动乱的机会获得独立。（亚述）帝国的鼎盛时期从塞浦路斯到波斯，从高加索一直延伸到埃及。

Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack; he marched his army into Assyria proper in 616 BC and tried to besiege Assur and Arrapha (Kirkuk), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and driven back into Babylonia. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Assyria despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylon due to the unremitting civil war in Assyria itself.

那波帕拉萨尔试图反击；他率领军队深入亚述腹地在公元前616年试图围攻阿苏尔【见注1】和Arrapha（基尔库克）【见注2】，但被辛-沙-里昆击败后逃回了巴比伦。僵局似乎接踵而至，虽然这个国家已经被大大削弱，那波帕拉萨尔也无力进入亚述领地，辛-沙-里昆由于亚述无休止的内战同样无法把那波帕拉萨尔驱逐出巴比伦。

 

【注1】阿苏尔：古亚述帝国与中亚述帝国的首都，位于底格里斯河西岸

【注2】Arrapha：现伊拉克基尔库克市，也是亚述时期的重要城市

 

However the balance of power was decisively tipped when Cyaxares, ruler of the Iranic peoples (the Medes, Persians and Parthians), and technically a vassal of Assyria, attacked a war-weary Assyria without warning in late 615 BC, sacking Arrapha and Kalhu (the Biblical Calah/Nimrud). Then in 614 BC Cyaxares, in alliance with the Scythians and Cimmerians, besieged and took Assur, with Nabopolassar remaining uninvolved in these successes.

然而这两股力量上的平衡很快颠覆了，伊朗各族（米底人、波斯人和帕提亚人）的统治者基亚克萨雷斯【见注】，和一个严格意义上说亚述的附庸国*，在公元前615年底毫无预警袭击了亚述，占领了Arraph和Kalhu（圣经所说的迦拉/尼姆鲁德）。然后在公元前614年，基亚克萨雷斯，斯基泰人和辛梅里安人联盟，包围并占领了阿苏尔，然而这些成功与那波帕拉萨尔无关。

 

【注】基亚克萨雷斯：米底王国的第三代国王

*处原文用词怪异，暂时存疑

 

Nabopolassar too then made active alliances with other former subjects of Assyria; the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians.

During 613 BC the Assyrian army seems to have rallied and successfully repelled Babylonian, Median and Scythian attacks. However, in 612 BC Nabopolassar and the Median king Cyaxares led a concentrated coalition of forces including Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians in an attack on Nineveh. 

那波帕拉萨尔随即也主动与曾被亚述奴役过的诸民族联盟；米底人，波斯人、斯基泰人和辛梅里安人【见注1】。

在公元前613年，亚述军队似乎已经重整旗鼓，成功击退了巴比伦人，米底人和斯基泰人联军的攻击。然而，在公元前612年，那波帕拉萨尔和米底国王基亚克萨雷斯率领一支包括巴比伦人，迦勒底人，米底人，波斯人，斯基泰人和辛梅里安人的联军进攻尼尼微【见注2】。

 

【注1】辛梅里安人：一支前1200年起居住在黑海以北的俄罗斯草原上的游牧民族

【注2】尼尼微：亚述帝国首都

 

The size of the forces ranged against Assyria in its weakened state proved too much, and, after a bitter three-month siege, followed by house-to-house fighting, Nineveh finally fell, with Sin-shar-ishkun being killed defending his capital.

An Assyrian general, Ashur-uballit II, became king of Assyria amid the fighting. According to the Babylonian Chronicle he was offered the chance to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. 

即使亚述的状态极其虚弱，它强大的实力仍然得到了证明，在3个月的苦战围攻后，巷战紧随其后，尼尼微最终还是陷落了，在首都保卫战中，辛-沙-里昆被杀。

一位亚述将军亚述乌巴立特二世【见注】，在这场战争过程中成为了亚述国王。根据巴比伦编年史，他被提供了臣服联盟军统治者的机会。

 

【注】亚述乌巴立特二世：新亚述帝国实际上的末代君主，在位时间约为前612-前609年，据推测也是亚述王族，但他具体的身份仍有争议

 

However, he refused, and managed to fight his way free of Nineveh to set up a new capital at Harran. Nabopolassar, Cyaxares, and their allies, then fought Ashur-uballit II for a further five years, until Harran fell in 608 BC; after a failed attempt to retake the city, Ashur-uballit II disappeared from the pages of history.

然而他拒绝了，并设法逃往尼尼微，在哈兰【见注】建立一个新的首都。那波帕拉萨尔，基亚克萨雷斯和他们的盟友，此后转战亚述乌巴立特二世长达五年之久，直到哈兰在公元前608年陷落；在一个夺回该城的尝试失败后，亚述乌巴立特二世消失在了历史中。

 

【注】哈兰：位于现在土耳其东南部边境附近

 

The Egyptians under Pharaoh Necho II had invaded the near east in 609 BC in a belated attempt to help their former Assyrian rulers. Nabopolassar (with the help of his son and future successor Nebuchadnezzar II) spent the last years of his reign dislodging the Egyptians (who were supported by Greek mercenaries and the remnants of the Assyrian army) from Syria, Asia Minor, northern Arabia and Israel. 

在法老尼科二世【见注】统治下的埃及于公元前609年入侵近东，这是他们对前亚述统治者迟来的帮助。那波帕拉萨尔（在他的儿子，未来的接班人尼布甲尼撒二世的帮助下）花了他统治的最后几年将埃及人（得到了希腊雇佣军和残余的亚述军队支持）赶出了叙利亚、小亚细亚、阿拉伯北部和以色列。

 

【注】尼科二世：古埃及第二十六王朝法老，约前609年—前593年在位，腓尼基水手在他的支持下完成了第一次环绕非洲的航行

 

Nebuchadnezzar proved to be a capable and energetic military leader, and the Egyptians, Assyrians and their mercenary allies were finally defeated by the Babylonians, Medes and Scythians at the battle of Carchemish in 605 BC.

The Babylonians were now left in possession of much of Assyria, with the northern reaches being held by the Medes, however they appear to have made no attempt to occupy it, preferring to concentrate on rebuilding southern Mesopotamia.

那波帕拉萨尔被证明是一个能干的、精力充沛的军事领袖，埃及、亚述和他们的佣兵同盟最后被巴比伦人，米底人和斯基泰人在公元前605年的迦基米施之战彻底击溃。

巴比伦现在占有大部分的亚述疆域，北部地区由米底人控制，但是他们似乎没有攻占它的想法，而是专注于重建美索不达米亚南部。

 

 

**Babylonia 一词意义较多，此篇翻译所用意义不定